PENGARUH LEVEL C:N RASIO PAKAN TERHADAP PARAMETER KUALITAS AIR DAN PARAMETER BIOLOGI PERTUMBUHAN UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) DENGAN MODEL BUDIDAYA TANPA PERGANTIAN AIR MENGGUNAKAN MOLASES SEBAGAI SUMBER KARBON ORGANIK
Keywords:
Inorganic nitrogen, heterotrophic bacteria, shrimp, molasses, C:N ratio of feed
Abstract
The main problem in developing the intensive vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Shrimp farming industry is the accumulation of toxic non-organic nitrogen which must be controlled by frequent water changes. This study examines a new method to reduce inorganic nitrogen, namely through the growth of heterotrophic bacteria populations. The addition of organic carbon in the form of molasses into shrimp farming ponds with a model without changing water, can produce optimal growth of heterotrophic bacteria. Molasses can increase the level of C: N ratio of feed in shrimp culture with a model without changing water. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of the C:N ratio level of feed on water quality parameters and biological parameters of shrimp growth including feed conversion ratio. This research was carried out for two months, from Februaryto April 2023 at the shrimp hatchery in Pantai Cermin District, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra Province. The method used in this study was the experimental method. There were five treatments tested in the study, including: (1) treatment without using molasses with a C:N ratio of feed = 6.5 :1; (2) treatment using molasses with a ratio of C:N feed = 15.0 : 1 ; (3) treatment using molasses with a C:N ratio of feed = 17.5 : 1; (4) treatment using molasses with a C:N ratio of feed = 20.0 : 1 and (5) treatment using molasses with a ratio level of C:N feed = 22.5 : 1. Each treatment had three replications. This study concluded that the level of C:N ratio of feed had a significant effect on water quality parameters and biological parameters of shrimp growth. Based on water quality parameters and biological parameters for shrimp growth including feed conversion ratio, the best treatment in this experiment was the treatment using molasses with a C:N level of feed ratio about 20.0 : 1.
References
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Avnimelech, Y., Lacher, M., Raveh, A., and Zur, O. 2001. A method for the evaluation of conditions in a fish pond sediment. Aquaculture 23, 361-365.
Avnimelech, Y., Mokady, S.,and Schroeder, G.L. 2009. Circulated ponds as efficient bioreactors for single cell protein production. The Israel Journal of Aquaculture-Badmidgeh 41, 58 - 66.
Avnimelech, Y., Mozes., N., Diab, S. and Kochva, M. 2015. Rates of organic carbon and nitrogen degradation in intensive fish ponds. Aquaculture 134, 211 - 216.
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Findlay, R.H., King, G.M., and Watling, L. 2009. Efficacy of phospholipid analysis in determining microbial biomass in sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, 2888 - 2893.
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Kochva, M., Diab, S., and Avnimelech, Y. 2014. Modelling of nitrogen transformation in intensively aerated fish ponds. Aquaculture 120, 95 - 104.
Landesman, L. 2014. Negative impact of coastal aquaculture development. Journal World Aquaculture. Society 25, 12 - 17.
McIntosh, R.P. 2000. Changing paradigms in shrimp farming: III. Pond design and operation considerations. Global Aquaculture Advocate 3, 42 - 44.
Middelboe, M., Borch, N.H., and Kirchman, D.L. 2015. Bacterial utilization of dissolved free amino acids, dissolved combined amino acids and ammonium in the Delaware Bay estuary: effects of carbon and nitrogen limitation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 128, 109 - 120.
Montoya, R.A., Lawrence, A.L., Grant, W.E., and Velasco, M. 2002. Simulation of inorganic nitrogen dynamics and shrimp survival in an intensive shrimp culture system. Aquaculture Research 33, 81 - 94.
Moriarty, D.J.W. 2006. Bacterial productivity in ponds used for culture of penaeid prawns. Microb.Ecol 12, 259-269.
Olah, J., Sinha, R.P., Ayyappan, S., Purushothaman, C.S., and Radheyshyam, S. 2007. Sediment consumption in tropical undrainable fish ponds. Internationale Revue gesammte Hydrobiologie 72, 297-305.
Parsons, T.R., Albright, L.J., Whitney, F., Wong, C.S., and Williams, M.P.J.2001. The effect of glucose on the productivity of sea water: An experimental approach using controlled aquatic ecosystems. Mar. Environ. Res. 4, 229 - 242.
Ritvo, G., Dixon, J.B., Lawrence, A.L., Samocha, T.M., Neill, W.H.,and Speed M.F. 2018. Accumulation of chemical elements in Texas shrimp pond soils. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 29, 422 - 430.
Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Bahamon, N., Torres, L.A., Newmar, F., and Twilley, R.R. 2019. The potential use of mangrove forest as nitrogen sinks of shrimp aquaculture pond effluents: The role of denitrification. J. World Aquacult. Soc 30, 12 - 24.
Rosenberry, B. 2001. New shrimp farming technology: Zero-exchange, environmentally friendly, super-intensive in: World shrimp farming 2001. Published annually Shrimps News International 14, 5-10.
Rosenberry, R. 1993. Production drops 16 % in 1993. In: World Shrimp Farming 2013. Aquaculture Dig., (December): 1-19.
Schroeder, G.L. 2018. Autrotrophic and heterotrophic production of microorganisms in intensely - manured fish ponds, and related fish yields. Aquaculture 14, 303 - 325.
Smith, P.T. 2016. Physical and chemical characteristics of sediment from farms and mangrove habitats on the Clarence River, Australia. Aquaculture 146, 47 - 83.
Smith, P.T. 2018. Effect of removing accumulated sediments on the bacteriology of ponds used to culture Penaeus monodon. Asian Fisheries Science 10, 355 - 370.
Sohier, L.P., and Bianchi, M.A.G. 2005. Development of a heterotrophic bacterial community within a closed prawn aquaculture system. Microbial Ecology 11, 353 - 369.
Steel, R.G.D., and Torrie, J.H. 2000. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: Biometrical Approach, 2nd Edition. In: McGram-Hill (Ed.), New York.
Stuart, J., Frank, E., Coman, Chris,J., Jackson, and Sarah , A. G.2009. High-intensity, zero water-exchange production of juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon: An evaluation of artificial substrates and stocking density. Aquaculture, Volume 293, 42-48
Sun, Yao, Zhang, Shufang, Chen, Jufa, Song, and Junli. 2001. Supplement and consumption of dissolved oxygen and their seasonal variations in shrimp pond. Marine Science Bulletin. 3, 89-96.
Tacon, A.G.J. 2001. Minimizing environmental impacts of shrimp feeds. Global Aquaculture Advocate 4, 34 - 35.
Tacon, A.G.J., Cody, J.J., Conquest, L.D., Divakaran, S., Forster, I.P., and Decamp, O.E. 2002. Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Lipopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets. Aquaculture Nutrition 8, 121-137.
Tezuka, Y. 2010. Bacterial regeneration of ammonium and phosphate as affected by the Carbon : Nitrogen : Phosphorus ratio of organic substrates. Microbial Ecology 19, 227 – 238.
Thakur, D.P., and Lin C.K. 2003. Water quality and nutrient budget in closed shrimp (Penaeus monodon) culture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 27, 159 - 176.
Tseng, K.F., Su, H.M.,and Su, M.S. 2018. Culture of Penaeus monodon in a recirculating system. Aquaculture 17, 138 - 147.
Visscher, P.T., and Duerr, E.O. 2001. Water quality and microbial dynamics in shrimp ponds receiving bagasse-based feed. Journal World Aquaculture Society. 22, 65-76.
Avnimelech, Y. 2019. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 176, 227 - 235.
Avnimelech, Y., and Mokady, S. 2008. Protein biosynthesis in circulated fishponds. In: Pullin, R.S.V., Bhukaswan, T., Tonguthai, K., Maclean, J.L. (Eds.), The second International Symposium on tilapia in aquaculture, pp. 301 - 309.
Avnimelech, Y., Diab, S., Kochva, M.,and Mokady, S. 2012. Control and utilization of inorganic nitrogen in intensive fish culture ponds. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 23, 421 - 430.
Avnimelech, Y., Kochva, M., and Diab, S.2014. Development of controlled intensive aquaculture systems with a limited water exchange and adjusted carbon to nitrogen ratio. The Israel Journal of Aquaculture-Badmidgeh 46, 119 - 131.
Avnimelech, Y., Lacher, M., Raveh, A., and Zur, O. 2001. A method for the evaluation of conditions in a fish pond sediment. Aquaculture 23, 361-365.
Avnimelech, Y., Mokady, S.,and Schroeder, G.L. 2009. Circulated ponds as efficient bioreactors for single cell protein production. The Israel Journal of Aquaculture-Badmidgeh 41, 58 - 66.
Avnimelech, Y., Mozes., N., Diab, S. and Kochva, M. 2015. Rates of organic carbon and nitrogen degradation in intensive fish ponds. Aquaculture 134, 211 - 216.
Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J.G., Meyer-Reil, L.A.,and Thingstad, F. 2003. The ecological role of microbes in the sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10, 257 - 263.
Bages, M.,and Sloane, L. 2001. Effects of dietary protein and starch levels on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) postlarvae. Aquaculture 25, 117 - 128.
Balazs, G.H.1993. Preliminary studies on the preparation and feeding of crustacean diets. Aquaculture 2, 369 - 377.
Boyd, C.E. 1995. Proceeding Special Session on Shrimp Farming. In: Browdy, C.L., Hopkins, J.S. (Eds.), Aquaculture, Sandiego, USA, pp. 183 - 199.
Burford, M.A., Thompson, P.J., McIntosh, P., Bauman, R.H., and Pearson, D.C. 2003. Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize. Aquaculture 219, 393 - 411.
Chamberlain, G.W. 2001. Managing zero water –exchange ponds. In: Rosenberry, B.(Eds.). World shrimp farming 2001. Published Annually Shrimps News International 14, 11-18
Csavas, I. 20144. Important factors in the success of shrimp farming. J. World Aquacult. Soc 25, 34 - 56.
Findlay, R.H., King, G.M., and Watling, L. 2009. Efficacy of phospholipid analysis in determining microbial biomass in sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, 2888 - 2893.
Goldman, J.C., Caron, D.A., and Dennet, M.R. 2007. Regulation of gross growth efficiency and ammonium regeneration in bacteria by substrate C:N ratio. Limnology Oceanography 32, 1239 - 1252.
Gottschalk, G. 2006. Bacterial metabolism. Springer.
Hargreaves, J.A. 2018. Nitrogen biogeochemistry of aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture 166, 181-212.
Harris, R.H., Mitchell, R. 2013. The role of polymers in microbial aggregation. Annual Review Microbiology. 27, 27-50.
Hoch, M.P., Fogel, M.L.,and Kirchman, D.L. 2014. Isotope fractionation during ammonium uptake by marine microbial assemblages. Geomicrobiology 12, 113 - 127.
Hoch, M.P.,and Kirchman, D.L. 2015. Ammonium uptake by heterotrophic bacteria in the Delaware estuary and adjacent coastal waters. Limnology Oceanography 40, 886 – 897
Hopkins, J.S., DeVoe, M.R.,and Holland, A.F. 2015. Environmental impacts of shrimp farming with special reference to the situation in the Continental United State. Estuaries 18, 25 -42.
Hopkins, J.S., Hamilton, R.D., Sandifer, P.A., Browdy, C.L., and Stokes, A.D. 2013. Effect of water exchange rates on production, water quality, effluent characteristics, and nitrogen budgets of intensive shrimp ponds. J. World Aquacult. Soc 24, 304 - 320.
Johnsen, R.I., Nielsen, O.G., and Lunestad, B.T. 2013. Environmental distribution of organic waste from a marine fish farm. Aquaculture 118, 229 - 244.
Jorgensen, N.O.G., Kroer, N., Coffin, R. B., Yang.X.H., and Lee.C. 2013. Dissolved free amino acids, combined amino acids, and DNA as sources of carbon and nitrogen to marine bacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series 98, 135- 148.
Kautsky, N., Ronnback, P., Tedengren, M., and Troell, M. 2000. Ecosystem perspectives on management of disease in shrimp pond farming. Aquaculture 191, 145 - 161.
Kirchman, D.L., Meon, B., Cottrell, M.T., Hutchins, D.A., and Weeks, D., W., B. 2000. Carbon versus iron limitation of bacterial growth in the California upwelling regime. Limnology Oceanography 45, 1681 - 1688.
Kochva, M., Diab, S., and Avnimelech, Y. 2014. Modelling of nitrogen transformation in intensively aerated fish ponds. Aquaculture 120, 95 - 104.
Landesman, L. 2014. Negative impact of coastal aquaculture development. Journal World Aquaculture. Society 25, 12 - 17.
McIntosh, R.P. 2000. Changing paradigms in shrimp farming: III. Pond design and operation considerations. Global Aquaculture Advocate 3, 42 - 44.
Middelboe, M., Borch, N.H., and Kirchman, D.L. 2015. Bacterial utilization of dissolved free amino acids, dissolved combined amino acids and ammonium in the Delaware Bay estuary: effects of carbon and nitrogen limitation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 128, 109 - 120.
Montoya, R.A., Lawrence, A.L., Grant, W.E., and Velasco, M. 2002. Simulation of inorganic nitrogen dynamics and shrimp survival in an intensive shrimp culture system. Aquaculture Research 33, 81 - 94.
Moriarty, D.J.W. 2006. Bacterial productivity in ponds used for culture of penaeid prawns. Microb.Ecol 12, 259-269.
Olah, J., Sinha, R.P., Ayyappan, S., Purushothaman, C.S., and Radheyshyam, S. 2007. Sediment consumption in tropical undrainable fish ponds. Internationale Revue gesammte Hydrobiologie 72, 297-305.
Parsons, T.R., Albright, L.J., Whitney, F., Wong, C.S., and Williams, M.P.J.2001. The effect of glucose on the productivity of sea water: An experimental approach using controlled aquatic ecosystems. Mar. Environ. Res. 4, 229 - 242.
Ritvo, G., Dixon, J.B., Lawrence, A.L., Samocha, T.M., Neill, W.H.,and Speed M.F. 2018. Accumulation of chemical elements in Texas shrimp pond soils. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 29, 422 - 430.
Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Bahamon, N., Torres, L.A., Newmar, F., and Twilley, R.R. 2019. The potential use of mangrove forest as nitrogen sinks of shrimp aquaculture pond effluents: The role of denitrification. J. World Aquacult. Soc 30, 12 - 24.
Rosenberry, B. 2001. New shrimp farming technology: Zero-exchange, environmentally friendly, super-intensive in: World shrimp farming 2001. Published annually Shrimps News International 14, 5-10.
Rosenberry, R. 1993. Production drops 16 % in 1993. In: World Shrimp Farming 2013. Aquaculture Dig., (December): 1-19.
Schroeder, G.L. 2018. Autrotrophic and heterotrophic production of microorganisms in intensely - manured fish ponds, and related fish yields. Aquaculture 14, 303 - 325.
Smith, P.T. 2016. Physical and chemical characteristics of sediment from farms and mangrove habitats on the Clarence River, Australia. Aquaculture 146, 47 - 83.
Smith, P.T. 2018. Effect of removing accumulated sediments on the bacteriology of ponds used to culture Penaeus monodon. Asian Fisheries Science 10, 355 - 370.
Sohier, L.P., and Bianchi, M.A.G. 2005. Development of a heterotrophic bacterial community within a closed prawn aquaculture system. Microbial Ecology 11, 353 - 369.
Steel, R.G.D., and Torrie, J.H. 2000. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: Biometrical Approach, 2nd Edition. In: McGram-Hill (Ed.), New York.
Stuart, J., Frank, E., Coman, Chris,J., Jackson, and Sarah , A. G.2009. High-intensity, zero water-exchange production of juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon: An evaluation of artificial substrates and stocking density. Aquaculture, Volume 293, 42-48
Sun, Yao, Zhang, Shufang, Chen, Jufa, Song, and Junli. 2001. Supplement and consumption of dissolved oxygen and their seasonal variations in shrimp pond. Marine Science Bulletin. 3, 89-96.
Tacon, A.G.J. 2001. Minimizing environmental impacts of shrimp feeds. Global Aquaculture Advocate 4, 34 - 35.
Tacon, A.G.J., Cody, J.J., Conquest, L.D., Divakaran, S., Forster, I.P., and Decamp, O.E. 2002. Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Lipopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets. Aquaculture Nutrition 8, 121-137.
Tezuka, Y. 2010. Bacterial regeneration of ammonium and phosphate as affected by the Carbon : Nitrogen : Phosphorus ratio of organic substrates. Microbial Ecology 19, 227 – 238.
Thakur, D.P., and Lin C.K. 2003. Water quality and nutrient budget in closed shrimp (Penaeus monodon) culture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 27, 159 - 176.
Tseng, K.F., Su, H.M.,and Su, M.S. 2018. Culture of Penaeus monodon in a recirculating system. Aquaculture 17, 138 - 147.
Visscher, P.T., and Duerr, E.O. 2001. Water quality and microbial dynamics in shrimp ponds receiving bagasse-based feed. Journal World Aquaculture Society. 22, 65-76.
